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Immediate Family
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About Gertrudis of the Bavarians
Speculative mother of Pepin of Landen
Her identity is part of the complex question about the reconstruction of the Arnulfing dynasty. Eckhardt noted that the children of Saint Itta and Pépin of Landen have the Agilolfing names Grimoald, Gertrude and perhaps Gerberge (Karl August Eckhardt, Merowinger Blut - I Die Frauen und ihre Karolinger, Witzenhausen, 1965, p. 23-59). It is likely that one of them was a grandchild of Garibald (died 590), duke of Bavaria and his wife Waldrada, but also unlikely that they were first cousins. Scholars are split on the question, but Pépin had a sister Waldrada so it is more likely that the Agilolfing connection came from his ancestors than from Itta's. If so, the wife of Carloman and mother of Pépin must have been a daughter of Garibald and Waldrada. - Justin Swanström, Dec. 2, 2013.
...Except for the fact that she wasn't. All children of Garibald and Waldrada are accounted for.
Parentage speculative.
The children of Garibald I, duke of the Bavarians & Waldrada of the Lombards, according to Medlands:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
a) GUNDOALD (-murdered 612). Gundoald I, duke of Asti
b) THEODELINDIS. Theodelinda, queen consort of the Lombards
c) daughter . Paulus Diaconus records that "Euin dux Tridentinorum" married "filiam Garibaldi Baioariorum regis"[40]. m EVIN ---
" probably another daughter, mother of Pepin of Landen, in whose family we find the first names of the Agilolfingians. [13] "
Ben M. Angel notes on September 25, 2010: This individual appears to be based on speculation. My brief analysis follows:
Children:
Pepin Le Vieux - FMG doesn't cite a parent (apparently Pepin I is at the edge of the scope of the Medieval Lands research project), but there is a citation under Itta, his wife: 'The Annales Metenses name "matertera ipsius [Pippini]…virgo Domino consecrate Geretrudis" and record that she founded the monastery "in loco…Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga"[21]. ' English and German Wikipedia cite only Carloman (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien) as having been mentioned in the Chronicle of Fredigaire, the main biographical source for Pepin Le Vieux.
French Wikipedia provides the main amount of information on Gertrude in a section marked as speculative, the text of which follows:
Aucun document contemporain ne mentionne le nom de ses parents, et la Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis rédigée au viie siècle se borne à dire que son origine est si illustre que nul en Europe n'ignore le nom et la gloire de ses aïeux. Au xe siècle, la Genealogia regum Francorum parle de «Carloman, maire du Palais d'Austrasie sous Théodebert II [596-612] et père de Pépin»[2], puis au xie siècle, la Vita Pippini ducis le dit simplement fils d'un Carloman, sans plus de précision. La documentation contemporaine permet de confirmer l'inexistence d'un maire du palais nommé Carloman au début du viie siècle. Les historiens sont partagés sur l'existence même de Carloman, certains rejetant complètement l'information[3]. Mais cette mention de Carloman comme père de Pépin dans la Vita Pippini ducis n'apporte pas de prétention particulière et semble être issue d'une autre source que la Genealogia regum Francorum. De plus, à la naissance de Charles Martel, le continuateur de Frédégaire, indique que son père Pépin de Herstal le nomma d'un nom pris à sa propre langue, c'est-à-dire à sa langue maternelle, ce qui indique que le prénom de Charles provient de sa famille maternelle, donc celle de Pépin de Landen[4].
Quant à sa mère, elle reste inconnue des différentes sources tant contemporaines qu'ultérieures. Cependant, on peut remarquer dans la parenté proche de Pépin une certain nombre de porteurs de prénoms agilolfinges. Il est en effet frère d'une Waldrade[5] et père d'un Grimoald et d'une Gertrude. Comme aucun document ne mentionne Pépin comme un Agilolfinge, ce dernier ne peut être allié à cette famille que par les femmes. Chronologiquement, le seul lien agnatique qui rende compte de cette onomastique est que la mère de Pépin de Landen soit une fille de Garibald, premier duc de Bavière, et de son épouse Waldrade, veuve des rois Théodebald et de Clotaire Ier. Compte tenu de la transmission du prénom Gertrude, qui est celui d'une probable nièce de Garibald, à la fille de Pépin, il est possible que la mère de Pépin portait ce prénom[6].
References:
2.↑ Information reprise par Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France [archive], vol. 6, livre II, Hachette, Paris, 1907, p. 125.
3.↑ Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.
4.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 67.
5.↑ Selon Ummo, dans sa Vita Arnulfi (au milieu du IXe siècle). Cette Waldrade serait la mère de Wandregisel, fondateur de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille
6.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 68.
In English:
No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.
Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].
As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].
Parents:
According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.
Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.
A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.
Sources used:
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen
German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere
French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen
From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:
http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog...
CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999
Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.
He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.
He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.
Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.
CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.
The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.
Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.
CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.
Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.
As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.
As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.
Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.
Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)
Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.
Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.
Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.
He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.
The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.
However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.
His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)
Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.
In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.
Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.
After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.
Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)
It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.
No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.
From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.
One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.
This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).
The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:
American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478
http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html
Her identity is part of the complex question about the reconstruction of the Arnulfing dynasty. Eckhardt noted that the children of Saint Itta and Pépin of Landen have the Agilolfing names Grimoald, Gertrude and perhaps Gerberge (Karl August Eckhardt, Merowinger Blut - I Die Frauen und ihre Karolinger, Witzenhausen, 1965, p. 23-59). It is likely that one of them was a grandchild of Garibald (died 590), duke of Bavaria and his wife Waldrada, but also unlikely that they were first cousins. Scholars are split on the question, but Pépin had a sister Waldrada so it is more likely that the Agilolfing connection came from his ancestors than from Itta's. If so, the wife of Carloman and mother of Pépin must have been a daughter of Garibald and Waldrada. - Justin Swanström, Dec. 2, 2013.
Ben M. Angel notes on September 25, 2010: This individual appears to be based on speculation. My brief analysis follows:
Children:
Pepin Le Vieux - FMG doesn't cite a parent (apparently Pepin I is at the edge of the scope of the Medieval Lands research project), but there is a citation under Itta, his wife: 'The Annales Metenses name "matertera ipsius [Pippini]…virgo Domino consecrate Geretrudis" and record that she founded the monastery "in loco…Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga"[21]. ' English and German Wikipedia cite only Carloman (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien) as having been mentioned in the Chronicle of Fredigaire, the main biographical source for Pepin Le Vieux.
French Wikipedia provides the main amount of information on Gertrude in a section marked as speculative, the text of which follows:
Aucun document contemporain ne mentionne le nom de ses parents, et la Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis rédigée au viie siècle se borne à dire que son origine est si illustre que nul en Europe n'ignore le nom et la gloire de ses aïeux. Au xe siècle, la Genealogia regum Francorum parle de «Carloman, maire du Palais d'Austrasie sous Théodebert II [596-612] et père de Pépin»[2], puis au xie siècle, la Vita Pippini ducis le dit simplement fils d'un Carloman, sans plus de précision. La documentation contemporaine permet de confirmer l'inexistence d'un maire du palais nommé Carloman au début du viie siècle. Les historiens sont partagés sur l'existence même de Carloman, certains rejetant complètement l'information[3]. Mais cette mention de Carloman comme père de Pépin dans la Vita Pippini ducis n'apporte pas de prétention particulière et semble être issue d'une autre source que la Genealogia regum Francorum. De plus, à la naissance de Charles Martel, le continuateur de Frédégaire, indique que son père Pépin de Herstal le nomma d'un nom pris à sa propre langue, c'est-à-dire à sa langue maternelle, ce qui indique que le prénom de Charles provient de sa famille maternelle, donc celle de Pépin de Landen[4].
Quant à sa mère, elle reste inconnue des différentes sources tant contemporaines qu'ultérieures. Cependant, on peut remarquer dans la parenté proche de Pépin une certain nombre de porteurs de prénoms agilolfinges. Il est en effet frère d'une Waldrade[5] et père d'un Grimoald et d'une Gertrude. Comme aucun document ne mentionne Pépin comme un Agilolfinge, ce dernier ne peut être allié à cette famille que par les femmes. Chronologiquement, le seul lien agnatique qui rende compte de cette onomastique est que la mère de Pépin de Landen soit une fille de Garibald, premier duc de Bavière, et de son épouse Waldrade, veuve des rois Théodebald et de Clotaire Ier. Compte tenu de la transmission du prénom Gertrude, qui est celui d'une probable nièce de Garibald, à la fille de Pépin, il est possible que la mère de Pépin portait ce prénom[6].
References:
2.↑ Information reprise par Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France [archive], vol. 6, livre II, Hachette, Paris, 1907, p. 125.
3.↑ Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.
4.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 67.
5.↑ Selon Ummo, dans sa Vita Arnulfi (au milieu du IXe siècle). Cette Waldrade serait la mère de Wandregisel, fondateur de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille
6.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 68.
In English:
No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.
Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].
As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].
Parents:
According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.
Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.
A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.
Sources used:
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen
German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere
French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen
From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:
http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog...
CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999
Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.
He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.
He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.
Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.
CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.
The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.
Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.
CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.
Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.
As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.
As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.
Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.
Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)
Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.
Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.
Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.
He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.
The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.
However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.
His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)
Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.
In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.
Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.
After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.
Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)
It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.
No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.
From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.
One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.
This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).
The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:
American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478
http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html
read more
Her identity is part of the complex question about the reconstruction of the Arnulfing dynasty. Eckhardt noted that the children of Saint Itta and Pépin of Landen have the Agilolfing names Grimoald, Gertrude and perhaps Gerberge (Karl August Eckhardt, Merowinger Blut - I Die Frauen und ihre Karolinger, Witzenhausen, 1965, p. 23-59). It is likely that one of them was a grandchild of Garibald (died 590), duke of Bavaria and his wife Waldrada, but also unlikely that they were first cousins. Scholars are split on the question, but Pépin had a sister Waldrada so it is more likely that the Agilolfing connection came from his ancestors than from Itta's. If so, the wife of Carloman and mother of Pépin must have been a daughter of Garibald and Waldrada. - Justin Swanström, Dec. 2, 2013.
Ben M. Angel notes on September 25, 2010: This individual appears to be based on speculation. My brief analysis follows:
Children:
Pepin Le Vieux - FMG doesn't cite a parent (apparently Pepin I is at the edge of the scope of the Medieval Lands research project), but there is a citation under Itta, his wife: 'The Annales Metenses name "matertera ipsius [Pippini]…virgo Domino consecrate Geretrudis" and record that she founded the monastery "in loco…Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga"[21]. ' English and German Wikipedia cite only Carloman (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien) as having been mentioned in the Chronicle of Fredigaire, the main biographical source for Pepin Le Vieux.
French Wikipedia provides the main amount of information on Gertrude in a section marked as speculative, the text of which follows:
Aucun document contemporain ne mentionne le nom de ses parents, et la Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis rédigée au viie siècle se borne à dire que son origine est si illustre que nul en Europe n'ignore le nom et la gloire de ses aïeux. Au xe siècle, la Genealogia regum Francorum parle de «Carloman, maire du Palais d'Austrasie sous Théodebert II [596-612] et père de Pépin»[2], puis au xie siècle, la Vita Pippini ducis le dit simplement fils d'un Carloman, sans plus de précision. La documentation contemporaine permet de confirmer l'inexistence d'un maire du palais nommé Carloman au début du viie siècle. Les historiens sont partagés sur l'existence même de Carloman, certains rejetant complètement l'information[3]. Mais cette mention de Carloman comme père de Pépin dans la Vita Pippini ducis n'apporte pas de prétention particulière et semble être issue d'une autre source que la Genealogia regum Francorum. De plus, à la naissance de Charles Martel, le continuateur de Frédégaire, indique que son père Pépin de Herstal le nomma d'un nom pris à sa propre langue, c'est-à-dire à sa langue maternelle, ce qui indique que le prénom de Charles provient de sa famille maternelle, donc celle de Pépin de Landen[4].
Quant à sa mère, elle reste inconnue des différentes sources tant contemporaines qu'ultérieures. Cependant, on peut remarquer dans la parenté proche de Pépin une certain nombre de porteurs de prénoms agilolfinges. Il est en effet frère d'une Waldrade[5] et père d'un Grimoald et d'une Gertrude. Comme aucun document ne mentionne Pépin comme un Agilolfinge, ce dernier ne peut être allié à cette famille que par les femmes. Chronologiquement, le seul lien agnatique qui rende compte de cette onomastique est que la mère de Pépin de Landen soit une fille de Garibald, premier duc de Bavière, et de son épouse Waldrade, veuve des rois Théodebald et de Clotaire Ier. Compte tenu de la transmission du prénom Gertrude, qui est celui d'une probable nièce de Garibald, à la fille de Pépin, il est possible que la mère de Pépin portait ce prénom[6].
References:
2.↑ Information reprise par Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France [archive], vol. 6, livre II, Hachette, Paris, 1907, p. 125.
3.↑ Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.
4.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 67.
5.↑ Selon Ummo, dans sa Vita Arnulfi (au milieu du IXe siècle). Cette Waldrade serait la mère de Wandregisel, fondateur de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille
6.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 68.
In English:
No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.
Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].
As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].
Parents:
According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.
Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.
A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.
Sources used:
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen
German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere
French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen
From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:
http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog...
CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999
Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.
He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.
He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.
Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.
CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.
The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.
Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.
CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.
Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.
As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.
As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.
Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.
Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)
Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.
Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.
Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.
He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.
The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.
However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.
His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)
Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.
In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.
Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.
After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.
Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)
It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.
No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.
From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.
One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.
This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).
The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:
American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478
http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html
read more
The children of Garibald & Waldrada, according to Medlands
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
c) daughter . Paulus Diaconus records that "Euin dux Tridentinorum" married "filiam Garibaldi Baioariorum regis"[40].
- 40. Pauli Historia Langobardorum III.10, MGH SS rer Lang I, p. 97
O Gertrudis of the Bavarians (čeština)
Její identita je součástí složité otázky o rekonstrukci dynastie Arnulfingů. Eckhardt poznamenal, že děti Saint Itta a /6000000000490564196 Pépin z Landenu mají Agilolfingová jména Grimoald, Gertrude a snad Gerberge (Karl August Eckhardt, Merowinger Blut - I Die Frauen und ihre Karolinger, Witzenhausen, 1965-59, s. 23). Je pravděpodobné, že jeden z nich byl vnukem Garibalda (zemřel 590), vévody z Bavorska a jeho manželky Waldrada, ale je také nepravděpodobné, že by to byli první bratranci. Učenci se v této otázce rozcházejí, ale Pépin měl sestru Waldradu, takže je pravděpodobnější, že spojení s Agilolfingem pochází od jeho předků než od Itty. Pokud ano, manželka Carlomana a matka Pépina musela být dcerou Garibalda a Waldrady. - Justin Swanström, 2. prosince 2013.
--------------------
" pravděpodobně další dcera, matka Pepin of Landen, v jehož rodině najdeme křestní jména z Agilolfingianů. [13] “
*https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldo_I_di_Baviera#Famiglia_e_figli
----------
Ben M. Angel poznamenává 25. září 2010: Zdá se, že tato osoba je založena na spekulacích. Moje stručná analýza je následující:
Děti:
Pepin Le Vieux – FMG necituje rodiče (zřejmě je Pepin I na okraji rozsahu výzkumného projektu Medieval Lands), ale existuje citace pod Ittou, jeho manželkou: „Jméno Annales Metenses „matertera ipsius [ Pippini]…panna Domino zasvětila Geretrudis“ a zaznamenává, že založila klášter „in loco…Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga“[21]. Anglická a německá Wikipedia cituje pouze Carlomana (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien), který byl zmíněn v Fredigairově kronice, hlavním životopisném zdroji Pepina Le Vieuxe.
Francouzská Wikipedie poskytuje hlavní množství informací o Gertrudě v sekci označené jako spekulativní, jejíž text je následující:
Žádný současný dokument nezmiňuje jméno jeho rodičů a Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis napsaná v 7. století se omezuje na tvrzení, že jeho původ je tak slavný, že nikdo v Evropě nezná jméno a slávu jeho předků. V 10. století se v Genealogia regum Francorum hovoří o „Carlomanovi, starostovi paláce Austrasia za Theodeberta II. [596%E2%80%93612] a otci Pepina“[2], v 11. století mu Vita Pippini ducis jednoduše říká syn 'a Carlomana, bez dalších podrobností. Dobová dokumentace potvrzuje neexistenci starosty paláce jménem Carloman na počátku 7. století. Historici jsou rozděleni na samotnou existenci Carlomana, přičemž někteří tuto informaci zcela odmítají.[3] Ale tato zmínka o Carlomanovi jako Pepinově otci ve Vita Pippini ducis si nečiní žádný konkrétní nárok a zdá se, že pochází z jiného zdroje než z Genealogia regum Francorum. Kromě toho při narození Charlese Martela, nástupce Frédégaire, naznačuje, že ho jeho otec Pépin de Herstal pojmenoval jménem převzatým z jeho vlastního jazyka, to znamená z jeho mateřského jazyka, což naznačuje, že Charlesovo křestní jméno pochází z jeho mateřská rodina, tedy Pépin de Landen[4].
Xxx
Pokud jde o jeho matku, zůstává neznámá z různých zdrojů, současných i pozdějších. U Pépinových blízkých příbuzných si však můžeme všimnout určitého počtu nositelů křestních jmen agilofinge. Ve skutečnosti je bratrem Waldrade[5] a otcem Grimoalda a Gertrudy. Vzhledem k tomu, že žádný dokument nezmiňuje Pépina jako Agilolfinge, může být k této rodině spojen pouze prostřednictvím žen. Chronologicky je jediným agnatickým spojením, které vysvětluje tuto onomastiku, to, že matka Pepina z Landenu je dcerou Garibalda, prvního vévody bavorského, a jeho manželky Waldrade, vdovy po králích Theodebaldovi a Clotaire I. Vzhledem k tomu, že se křestní jméno Gertruda, které je pravděpodobně neteří Garibalda, přeneslo na Pépinovu dceru, je možné, že Pépinova matka měla toto křestní jméno[6].
Reference:
2.↑ Informace převzaté Fustelem de Coulanges, Historie politických institucí starověké Francie [archiv], sv. 6, kniha II, Hachette, Paříž, 1907, str. 125.
3.↑Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.
4.↑ Settipani 1989, str. 67.
5.↑ Podle Umma ve svém Vita Arnulfi (polovina 9. století). Tato Waldradeová bude matkou Wandregisela, zakladatele opatství Saint-Wandrille
6.↑ Settipani 1989, str. 68.
Xxx
In English:
No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.
Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].
As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].
Parents:
According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.
Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.
A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.
Sources used:
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen
German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere
French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen
From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:
http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog...
Xxx
CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999
Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.
He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.
He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.
Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.
CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.
The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.
Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.
CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.
Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.
As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.
As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.
Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.
Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)
Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.
Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.
Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.
He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.
The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.
However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.
His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)
Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.
In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.
Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.
After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.
Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)
It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.
No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.
From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.
One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.
This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).
The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:
American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478
http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html
Her identity is part of the complex question about the reconstruction of the Arnulfing dynasty. Eckhardt noted that the children of Saint Itta and Pépin of Landen have the Agilolfing names Grimoald, Gertrude and perhaps Gerberge (Karl August Eckhardt, Merowinger Blut - I Die Frauen und ihre Karolinger, Witzenhausen, 1965, p. 23-59). It is likely that one of them was a grandchild of Garibald (died 590), duke of Bavaria and his wife Waldrada, but also unlikely that they were first cousins. Scholars are split on the question, but Pépin had a sister Waldrada so it is more likely that the Agilolfing connection came from his ancestors than from Itta's. If so, the wife of Carloman and mother of Pépin must have been a daughter of Garibald and Waldrada. - Justin Swanström, Dec. 2, 2013.
Ben M. Angel notes on September 25, 2010: This individual appears to be based on speculation. My brief analysis follows:
Children:
Pepin Le Vieux - FMG doesn't cite a parent (apparently Pepin I is at the edge of the scope of the Medieval Lands research project), but there is a citation under Itta, his wife: 'The Annales Metenses name "matertera ipsius [Pippini]…virgo Domino consecrate Geretrudis" and record that she founded the monastery "in loco…Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga"[21]. ' English and German Wikipedia cite only Carloman (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien) as having been mentioned in the Chronicle of Fredigaire, the main biographical source for Pepin Le Vieux.
French Wikipedia provides the main amount of information on Gertrude in a section marked as speculative, the text of which follows:
Aucun document contemporain ne mentionne le nom de ses parents, et la Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis rédigée au viie siècle se borne à dire que son origine est si illustre que nul en Europe n'ignore le nom et la gloire de ses aïeux. Au xe siècle, la Genealogia regum Francorum parle de «Carloman, maire du Palais d'Austrasie sous Théodebert II [596-612] et père de Pépin»[2], puis au xie siècle, la Vita Pippini ducis le dit simplement fils d'un Carloman, sans plus de précision. La documentation contemporaine permet de confirmer l'inexistence d'un maire du palais nommé Carloman au début du viie siècle. Les historiens sont partagés sur l'existence même de Carloman, certains rejetant complètement l'information[3]. Mais cette mention de Carloman comme père de Pépin dans la Vita Pippini ducis n'apporte pas de prétention particulière et semble être issue d'une autre source que la Genealogia regum Francorum. De plus, à la naissance de Charles Martel, le continuateur de Frédégaire, indique que son père Pépin de Herstal le nomma d'un nom pris à sa propre langue, c'est-à-dire à sa langue maternelle, ce qui indique que le prénom de Charles provient de sa famille maternelle, donc celle de Pépin de Landen[4].
Quant à sa mère, elle reste inconnue des différentes sources tant contemporaines qu'ultérieures. Cependant, on peut remarquer dans la parenté proche de Pépin une certain nombre de porteurs de prénoms agilolfinges. Il est en effet frère d'une Waldrade[5] et père d'un Grimoald et d'une Gertrude. Comme aucun document ne mentionne Pépin comme un Agilolfinge, ce dernier ne peut être allié à cette famille que par les femmes. Chronologiquement, le seul lien agnatique qui rende compte de cette onomastique est que la mère de Pépin de Landen soit une fille de Garibald, premier duc de Bavière, et de son épouse Waldrade, veuve des rois Théodebald et de Clotaire Ier. Compte tenu de la transmission du prénom Gertrude, qui est celui d'une probable nièce de Garibald, à la fille de Pépin, il est possible que la mère de Pépin portait ce prénom[6].
References:
2.↑ Information reprise par Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France [archive], vol. 6, livre II, Hachette, Paris, 1907, p. 125.
3.↑ Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.
4.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 67.
5.↑ Selon Ummo, dans sa Vita Arnulfi (au milieu du IXe siècle). Cette Waldrade serait la mère de Wandregisel, fondateur de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille
6.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 68.
In English:
No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.
Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].
As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].
Parents:
According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.
Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.
A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.
Sources used:
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen
German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere
French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen
From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:
http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog...
CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999
Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.
He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.
He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.
Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.
CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.
The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.
Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.
CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.
Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.
As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.
As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.
Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.
Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)
Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.
Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.
Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.
He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.
The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.
However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.
His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)
Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.
In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.
Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.
After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.
Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)
It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.
No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.
From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.
One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.
This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).
The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:
American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478
http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html
read more
Her identity is part of the complex question about the reconstruction of the Arnulfing dynasty. Eckhardt noted that the children of Saint Itta and Pépin of Landen have the Agilolfing names Grimoald, Gertrude and perhaps Gerberge (Karl August Eckhardt, Merowinger Blut - I Die Frauen und ihre Karolinger, Witzenhausen, 1965, p. 23-59). It is likely that one of them was a grandchild of Garibald (died 590), duke of Bavaria and his wife Waldrada, but also unlikely that they were first cousins. Scholars are split on the question, but Pépin had a sister Waldrada so it is more likely that the Agilolfing connection came from his ancestors than from Itta's. If so, the wife of Carloman and mother of Pépin must have been a daughter of Garibald and Waldrada. - Justin Swanström, Dec. 2, 2013.
Ben M. Angel notes on September 25, 2010: This individual appears to be based on speculation. My brief analysis follows:
Children:
Pepin Le Vieux - FMG doesn't cite a parent (apparently Pepin I is at the edge of the scope of the Medieval Lands research project), but there is a citation under Itta, his wife: 'The Annales Metenses name "matertera ipsius [Pippini]…virgo Domino consecrate Geretrudis" and record that she founded the monastery "in loco…Nivella cum genitrice sua Itaberga"[21]. ' English and German Wikipedia cite only Carloman (Karlmann von Landen-Austrasien) as having been mentioned in the Chronicle of Fredigaire, the main biographical source for Pepin Le Vieux.
French Wikipedia provides the main amount of information on Gertrude in a section marked as speculative, the text of which follows:
Aucun document contemporain ne mentionne le nom de ses parents, et la Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis rédigée au viie siècle se borne à dire que son origine est si illustre que nul en Europe n'ignore le nom et la gloire de ses aïeux. Au xe siècle, la Genealogia regum Francorum parle de «Carloman, maire du Palais d'Austrasie sous Théodebert II [596-612] et père de Pépin»[2], puis au xie siècle, la Vita Pippini ducis le dit simplement fils d'un Carloman, sans plus de précision. La documentation contemporaine permet de confirmer l'inexistence d'un maire du palais nommé Carloman au début du viie siècle. Les historiens sont partagés sur l'existence même de Carloman, certains rejetant complètement l'information[3]. Mais cette mention de Carloman comme père de Pépin dans la Vita Pippini ducis n'apporte pas de prétention particulière et semble être issue d'une autre source que la Genealogia regum Francorum. De plus, à la naissance de Charles Martel, le continuateur de Frédégaire, indique que son père Pépin de Herstal le nomma d'un nom pris à sa propre langue, c'est-à-dire à sa langue maternelle, ce qui indique que le prénom de Charles provient de sa famille maternelle, donc celle de Pépin de Landen[4].
Quant à sa mère, elle reste inconnue des différentes sources tant contemporaines qu'ultérieures. Cependant, on peut remarquer dans la parenté proche de Pépin une certain nombre de porteurs de prénoms agilolfinges. Il est en effet frère d'une Waldrade[5] et père d'un Grimoald et d'une Gertrude. Comme aucun document ne mentionne Pépin comme un Agilolfinge, ce dernier ne peut être allié à cette famille que par les femmes. Chronologiquement, le seul lien agnatique qui rende compte de cette onomastique est que la mère de Pépin de Landen soit une fille de Garibald, premier duc de Bavière, et de son épouse Waldrade, veuve des rois Théodebald et de Clotaire Ier. Compte tenu de la transmission du prénom Gertrude, qui est celui d'une probable nièce de Garibald, à la fille de Pépin, il est possible que la mère de Pépin portait ce prénom[6].
References:
2.↑ Information reprise par Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France [archive], vol. 6, livre II, Hachette, Paris, 1907, p. 125.
3.↑ Karl August Eckhardt, Studia Merovingica, Witzenhausen, 1975.
4.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 67.
5.↑ Selon Ummo, dans sa Vita Arnulfi (au milieu du IXe siècle). Cette Waldrade serait la mère de Wandregisel, fondateur de l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille
6.↑ Settipani 1989, p. 68.
In English:
No contemporary document mentions the names of Pepin's parents, and the "Vita Garitrudis abbatissae Nivialencis" written in the 7th century, merely states that he is so famous that no one in Europe knows the name and glory of his ancestors. In the 10th century, the "Genealogia regum Francorum" cites a "Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under Theodebert II [596-612] and the father of Pepin" [2]. In the 11th century, the "Vita Ducis Pippin" cites only that he was the son of Carloman, without elaborating.
Contemporaneous documentation does not show a mayor of the palace named Carloman in the early 7th century. Historians are divided on the existence of Carloman, completely rejecting the accuracy some information [3]. But the mention of Carloman as father of Pepin in the "Vita Ducis Pippin" makes no particular claim and seems to come from a source other than the "Genealogia regum Francorum." In addition, in the section that covers the birth of Charles Martel, the successor of Fredegaire, said that his father, Pepin of Herstal, gave him a name taken from his own language, that is to say his mother tongue, indicating that Charles' first name comes from his mother's family, or that of Pepin of Landen [4].
As for his mother, she remained unknown in contemporary sources. However, within the close relatives of Pepin are a number of those with names coming from the Agilolfings. There is indeed a brother of Waldrade [5], and a father of Grimoald, and a Gertrude. As no document of Pepin's origin mentions an Agilolfing, the latter cannot be combined with this family maternally. Chronologically, the only agnatic relationship that reflects this set of onomastics is the mother of Pepin of Landen being the daughter of Garibald, first Duke of Bavaria, and his wife Waldrade, widow of Kings Theodebald and Clotaire I. Given the transmission of the name Gertrude, who was possibly a niece of Garibald, to a daughter of Pepin, it is possible that the mother of Pepin first carried this name [6].
Parents:
According to FMG, German and English Wikipedia, and Karl-Heinz Schreiber's Mittelalter page on Garibald I of Bavaria (the Garibald who married Waldrada), there is no Gertrude listed. FMG cites an unnamed daughter, but this daughter apparently married between 590 and 596 to Evin, dux Tridentinorum (Trent), which pushed Garibald into the camp opposing the Franks.
Schreiber cites a daughter of Garibald named Theodelinde (570-628) having married at age 15 to Merovingian King Childebert II of the Franks (later repudiated apparently), but not to Carloman de Landen.
A proposed genealogy is presented later, illustrating the speculative position of Gertrude.
Sources used:
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Merovingian Nobility:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKSMaiordomi.htm#_Toc184117347
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy page on Bavaria:
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#Garibald
English Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pepin of Landen:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I_of_Bavaria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen
German Wikipedia pages for Garibald of Bavaria and Pippin der Ältere:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibald_I.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_der_%C3%84ltere
French Wikipedia page for Pepin de Landen:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pin_de_Landen
From Karl-Heinz Schreiber's page on Garibald:
http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/agilolfinger/garibald_1_herzog...
CHARLEMAGNE THE PIOUS AND PROLIFIC PROGENITOR By: Xenia Stanford Biography & Archived Articles Article Published December 23, 1999
Although a Christian should take only one wife even then, Charlemagne had four. He may have been married to only one at a time. However, he also kept five known mistresses throughout his marriages. Charles the Great sired at least eighteen children, only eight of whom were legitimate. He refused to let his daughters marry so he would not lose them but he allowed them numerous affairs out of which came several illegitimate children. In spite of this, he was a deeply devout man.
He was well versed in the scriptures and quoted chapter and verse to those who erred in their ways. He supported the Church through organization and funding but he was also very demanding of its behaviour. Many of his capitularies deal with how the clergy should act and how they should improve their morals. He expected much more of them than of himself. He expected celibacy at a time when even Popes were known for their debauchery. Nuns particularly were victims of his scathing attacks on their whoring.
He also demanded that the Church not tolerate image worship and superstition even though most of the religious hierarchy disagreed with him. He also blasted the clergy in one of his capitularies in 811 for the earthly possessiveness and cheating of their parishioners. He introduced tithing (one tenth of income) to counteract the Church's need against the Church's greed. Charlemagne himself left one-third of his estates to the Church.
Known to be ruthless in his evangelical efforts to bring Christianity to all (even to the beheading of those who refused to be baptized), he was honest and caring in his dealings with his earthly empire and strove to improve the preparation of himself and his subjects for the world beyond life. Years after his death, the Church ignored his worldly indiscretions and beatified him for his contributions.
CHARLEMAGNE - GREAT BOON TO GENEALOGISTS To this great man we also owe much in terms of genealogical records for he required the church to document baptisms, marriages and wills. Always one for standardization, he insisted the priests record these events diligently and consistently. This was at least the beginning of parish records. Though none have been found dating from this period, Charlemagne reinforced the importance of maintaining documentary evidence, which no doubt contributed to the earliest registers to be uncovered.
The oldest register found so far, which covers the cities of Givry in Saône and Loire (Saône-et-Loire) for the years1334 to 1357, was after the influence of the next great reformer King Louis IX, canonized as Saint Louis. However, Saint Louis definitely drew upon the practices established by his predecessor.
Charlemagne's own secretary Einhard kept a diary or record of the great man's life. Though often it seems exaggerated, it remains a way to understand history as it unfolded. Charlemagne was also the subject of much literature during his time and later, such as the poems of Theobold. In 814 he died at Aachen from pleurisy in the forty-seventh year of his reign with his son Louis already crowned as his successor. He was seventy-two years old but his legacy to history still lives on.
CHARLEMAGNE - ANCESTRY According to some the greatest of all rulers of Francia may not have been French at all. Charlemagne was believed to be mainly German as he was reputed to be blond and spoke German as his primary tongue. The difficulty is, even knowing as much as we know about Charlemagne, we know little about his ancestry and truly what mix of blood ran through his ancestors' veins.
Were the Merovingians French just because they arose from the Frankish people and the Carolingian rulers German? The Franks themselves were Germanic in origin and replaced the Celts who were the first known inhabitants of what is now France. Although the nations of France and Germany became dreaded enemies, I don't think we can separate them so categorically during or before the time of Charlemagne.
As explained in the past issues, Charlemagne arose from the line of chief administrators known as Mayors of the Palace who served under and later over the Merovingian kings. However, despite the hard efforts of genealogists the Carolingian lineage named for Charlemagne can only be truly documented as far back as his 3rd great grandfather. We know his grandfather Pepin d'Herstal or Pepin I (Pippin I to some historians) was the grandson of Pepin the Elder but the generation before and the generation between are unnamed in the histories found to date.
As we can see people, such as the rulers above, were distinguished by "nicknames". No one had surnames at the time and later historians named the dynastic lines after a significant ruler but naming people after some physical attribute, profession or characteristic was certainly prominent then. What is also significant is that many women's names were recorded as well. Thus we know that Pepin d'Herstal was married to a woman named Itta.
Pepin and Itta had three known children. One, a girl named Gertrude, became an abbess and was not known to have any offspring but the other two had descendants. Although the other daughter, Begga, was to produce the most significant heirs, initially the couple's only known son, Grimoald, gained his father's position and title of Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia after Pepin I's death about 639 or 640 AD.
Thus so far we have the following lineage: (See website for diagram)
Grimoald had a daughter Wulfetrude who became a well-known abbess. Although the actual paternity of another child called Childebert has been questioned, Grimoald claimed him as son and named him in 656 AD as the successor to King Sigebert of Neustria over Sigebert's son and heir Dagobert. Dagobert was exiled to Ireland but his supporters were so angered by the coup they captured and killed Grimoald soon after.
Childebert died in 662 but already the kingdom had been thrown into turmoil with the wars between Neustria and Austrasia and between the Merovingian heirs and the descendants of the powerful mayors. Although Grimoald had a grandson Childebrand whose parents' names are unknown, it was his nephew, son of sister Begga who regained the mayoral supremacy and the rule.
Begga married Ansegisel and produced a son, Pepin or Pippin named for her father. This Pepin (now called Pepin II) had children by at least two women. One of these women was his wife Plectrude and the other his mistress Alpaida.
He married Plectrude around 670 for her inheritance of substantial estates in the Moselle region. They produced at least two children and through them at least two significant grandchildren. These legitimate children and grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pepin's true successors and with the help of his widow Plectrude tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after their progenitor's death on December 16, 714.
The position of Mayor of the Palace had over the years become one of great significance and with the work of Pepin the Elder and his grandson Pepin d'Herstal it had become as important if not greater than the role of the king. Under Grimoald the land holdings and influence of the Mayor had increased. Pepin II was not satisfied with ruling only Austrasia, thus in 690 he also took over as Mayor of the Palace for Neustrian King Theuderic. Although the king still sat on the throne, the role and title of Mayor as well as Pepin's fortunes in land were inheritances to be coveted.
However, the son of Pepin II and his mistress Alpaida gained favour among the Austrasians and despite the efforts of Plectrude to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, he became the one Mayor of the Palace and true ruler of Francia. This illegitimate son of Pepin II was Charles Martellus (the Hammer) or Charles Martel whose deeds have been explained in previous issues.
His descent from Begga is as follows: (see website for diagram)
Like his father, Charles had rival children from two unions, that of his wives: Rotrude and Swanachild. Charles had deposed both kings by 739 and began rule under the title of Princeps or Prince. In 740 he placed his two sons from his first marriage, Pepin III (aka Pepin Le Bref or the Short) and Carloman as the Mayors of the Palaces of Neustria and Austrasia respectively.
Grifo, the son of Charles and second wife Swanachild, was appointed ruler of Thuringia about the same time. However, after Charles death in 741, Grifo's half-brothers banished Swanachild to a convent and imprisoned Grifo.
In 746 Carloman, apparently the more militarily successful of the brothers, resigned as Mayor of Austrasia and went to Rome for monastic training. He placed the Mayoralty into the hands of his young son, Drogo, and asked the boy's uncle Pepin Le Bref to watch over him and the administration of Austrasia. Instead Pepin took over complete control about a year later and in 751 convinced the Pope to make him King of all Franks and his wife Bertrada the Queen. Drogo who continued to protest was thrown into prison by his uncle in 753.
Pepin Le Bref or Pepin the Short had two sons by Bertrada. Charles, the eldest, was born in 748 prior to his parent's marriage. In order to legitimize his son and ensure his succession rather than Drogo's, Pepin married Bertrada in 749. In 751 their second son Carloman (II to distinguish him from his uncle) was born.
After Pepin's death in 768 AD, his two sons split the kingdom once again. The older son Charles was given Austrasia and other lands. Carloman was given various regions but Neustria was not listed by name since it appears to have been divided between the two rather than given in totality to Carloman. This division did not last long as Carloman died on December 4, 771.
Thus the descent from Charles Martel is as follows: (see website for diagram)
It may be amazing to learn the deaths of these rulers were recorded accurately giving date and place of death and age at death. Fredegar, the historian, used church records from Saint-Denis to find the exact death dates of Pepin II and III as well as Carloman II.
No longer did historians have to live during the time for accurate information nor did they need to rely solely on word of mouth, legends or the writings of others. However, as stated under Charlemagne - Great Boon to Genealogists, we have seen that the records of the Church and of administration were soon to increase even more in frequency and accuracy due to the work of Carloman II's brother Charles, whom we know better as Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE - DESCENDANCY Although Charlemagne's son and successor Louis I succeeded in keeping the kingdom together during his lifetime, after he died the empire was divided into three among his sons. The youngest, Charles "the Bald" became Emperor of France, another son, Louis "the German", was crowned King of Germany and Austria and the third, Lothaire, ruled Belgium. From these three Kings came the nations above that continue to exist today though the borders changed over the years.
From their descendants and those of the other many children of Charlemagne come countless numbers who are the progeny of this great man. These may be patriots of any of those three original nations but many can be found elsewhere in the world.
One of the lines for many North Americans descends through Catherine Baillon, a "fille de roi" who came to New France and married Pierre Miville. Baillon's descent from King Philippe II Auguste of France (a descendant of Charlemagne and wife Hildegard) has been carefully researched. The work has primarily been conducted by four genealogists who are all well-known for their past accurate and well-documented works. They are René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau who have a website dedicated to the Baillon genealogy at http://www.habitant.org/baillon.
This foursome has obtained extensive and expensive documentation from original sources. So far they have written two articles, one in French and one in English, and are currently working on a book to share their findings with us. Although I have not read either article, I know all four through their prior works, contributions to lists and email correspondence. Therefore, I have no hesitation in recommending you read either of the two articles cited below:
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "De Catherine Baillon à Charlemagne." Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 48 (Autumn), 1997: 190-216 (in French).
René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, and Gail F. Moreau. "From Catherine Baillon to Charlemagne." _American-Canadian Genealogist_ 25:4 (Fall 1999): 170-200 (in English).
The latter may be obtained at $3.00 US plus $1.50 US for postage and handling (shipping on additional copies ordered at the same time is $.90 each) from the following address:
American-Canadian Genealogical Society Treasurer P. O. Box 6478 Manchester, NH 03108-6478
http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazxs/gazxs46.htm
http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~celam/Cassie/fam00239.html
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December 6, 649
Age 94
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Austrasia
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