Grand prince Ivan I "Kalita"

Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (Ива́н I Дани́лович Калита́ in Russian)

Born: 1288

Died: 31 March, 1340, Moscow

Father: Daniil Aleksandrovich

Mother: Maria

Ivan I Danilovich was Prince of Moscow (from 1325), and Grand Prince of Vladimir (from 1328), a son of Daniil Aleksandrovich, Prince of Moscow.

Predecessor : Yuriy Yury of Moscow

Successor: Simeon Simeon "The Proud" of Moscow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow

After the death of his elder brother Yuri III, Ivan inherited the principality of Moscow. Ivan participated in the struggle to get the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir which could be obtained with the approval of a khan of the Golden Horde. The main rivals of the princes of Moscow in this struggle were the princes of Tver - Mikhail, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, and Alexander II, all of whom obtained the title of Grand prince of Vladimir and were deprived of it. All of them were murdered in the Golden Horde. In 1328 Ivan Kalita received the approval of khan Muhammad Ozbeg to become the Grand Prince of Vladimir with the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands.

According to the Russian historian Kluchevsky, the rise of Moscow under Ivan I Kalita was determined by three factors. The first one was that the Moscow principality was situated in the middle of other Russian principalities; thus, it was protected from any invasions from the East and from the West. Compared to its neighbors, Ryazan principality and Smolensk principality, Moscow was less often devastated. The relative safety of the Moscow region resulted in the second factor of the rise of Moscow – an influx of working and tax-paying people who were tired of constant raids and who actively relocated to Moscow from other Russian regions. The third factor was a trade route from Novgorod to the Volga river.

Ivan Kalita intentionally pursued the policy of relocation of people to his principality by an invitation of people from other places and by purchase of Russian people captured by Mongols during their raids. He managed to eliminate all the thieves in his lands, thus insuring the safety of traveling merchants. Internal peace and order together with the absence of Mongolian raids to the Moscow principality was mentioned in Russian chronicles as “great peace, silence, and relief of Russian land.”

Ivan made Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his loyalty to the Horde (hence, the nickname Kalita, or moneybag). He used this wealth to give loans to neighbouring Russian principalities. These cities gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivan's successors to annex them. The people called Ivan the ‘gatherer of the Russian lands’. He bought lands around Moscow, and very often the poor owners sold their lands willingly. Some of them kept the right to rule in their lands on behalf of Ivan Kalita. In one way or another a number of cities and villages joined the Moscow principality - Uglich in 1323, the principality of Belozero in 1328-1338, the principality of Galich in 1340. Ivan's greatest success, however, was convincing the Khan in Saray that his son, Simeon The Proud, should succeed him as the Grand Prince of Vladimir; from then on, the important position almost always belonged to the ruling house of Moscow. The Head of the Russian Church - Metropolitan Peter, whose authority was extremely high, moved from Vladimir to Moscow to Prince Ivan Kalita.

Under Ivan Kalita, Moscow was actively growing, and his residence on the Borovitsky hill became the main part of the city. Erection of either wooden or white-stone constructions was started in the Kremlin. A number of churches were built: in 1326-1327 the Assumption Cathedral, in 1329 the Church of Ivan the Ladder, in 1330 the Cathedral of the Saviour on the Bor (Forest), and in 1333 the Cathedral of Archangel Michael, where Ivan Kalita and his descendants were buried. Between 1339 and 1340, Ivan Kalita erected a new, bigger oaken fortress on the Borovitsky hill.

In Ivan’s will “the golden cap” was mentioned for the first time; this cap is identified with the well-known Monomakh’s crown, the main crown of Russian sovereigns.

Ivan was married twice. His first wife was named Helena. They had at least eight children:

Simeon of Moscow (7 November 1316 - 27 April 1353).

Daniil Ivanovich (c. 1320 - 1328).

Fefinia Ivanovna.

Maria Ivanovna (d. 2 June 1365). Married Konstantin Vasilievich, Prince of Rostov (d. 1365). Their daughter Vasilisa of Rostov married Dmitry of Suzdal. Through her they were grandparents of Eudoxia of Moscow.

Ivan II of Moscow (30 March 1326 - 13 November 1353).

Andrei Ivanovich, Prince of Novgorod (4 August 1327 - 6 June 1353). Death attributed to the Black Death.

Eudoxia Ivanovna. (d. 1342). Married Vasily Mikhailovich, Prince of Yaroslavl (d. 1345).

Fedosia Ivanovna (d. 1365).

His second wife was named Alexandra. They had one known child:

Maria Ivanovna.

Ivan I of Moscow

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (Ива́н I Дани́лович Калита́ in Russian) (1288 – March 31, 1340, Moscow), Prince of Moscow (from 1325), Grand Prince of Vladimir (from 1328), son of Daniil Aleksandrovich (Prince of Moscow).

Reign

After the death of his elder brother Yuri III, Ivan inherited the principality of Moscow. Ivan participated in the struggle to get the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir which could be obtained with the approval of a khan of the Golden Horde. The main rivals of the princes of Moscow in this struggle were the princes of Tver - Mikhail, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, and Alexander II, all of whom obtained the title of Grand prince of Vladimir and were deprived of it. All of them were murdered in the Golden Horde. In 1328 Ivan Kalita received the approval of khan Muhammad Ozbeg to become the Grand Prince of Vladimir with the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands.

According to the Russian historian Kluchevsky, the rise of Moscow under Ivan I Kalita was determined by three factors. The first one was that the Moscow principality was situated in the middle of other Russian principalities; thus, it was protected from any invasions from the East and from the West. Compared to its neighbors, Ryazan principality and Smolensk principality, Moscow was less often devastated. The relative safety of the Moscow region resulted in the second factor of the rise of Moscow – an influx of working and tax-paying people who were tired of constant raids and who actively relocated to Moscow from other Russian regions. The third factor was a trade route from Novgorod to the Volga river.

Ivan Kalita intentionally pursued the policy of relocation of people to his principality by an invitation of people from other places and by purchase of Russian people captured by Mongols during their raids. He managed to eliminate all the thieves in his lands, thus insuring the safety of traveling merchants. Internal peace and order together with the absence of Mongolian raids to the Moscow principality was mentioned in Russian chronicles as “great peace, silence, and relief of Russian land.”

Ivan made Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his loyalty to the Horde (hence, the nickname Kalita, or moneybag). He used this wealth to give loans to neighbouring Russian principalities. These cities gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivan's successors to annex them. The people called Ivan the ‘gatherer of the Russian lands’. He bought lands around Moscow, and very often the poor owners sold their lands willingly. Some of them kept the right to rule in their lands on behalf of Ivan Kalita. In one way or another a number of cities and villages joined the Moscow principality - Uglich in 1323, the principality of Belozero in 1328-1338, the principality of Galich in 1340. Ivan's greatest success, however, was convincing the Khan in Saray that his son, Simeon The Proud, should succeed him as the Grand Prince of Vladimir; from then on, the important position almost always belonged to the ruling house of Moscow. The Head of the Russian Church - Metropolitan Peter, whose authority was extremely high, moved from Vladimir to Moscow to Prince Ivan Kalita.

Under Ivan Kalita, Moscow was actively growing, and his residence on the Borovitsky hill became the main part of the city. Erection of either wooden or white-stone constructions was started in the Kremlin. A number of churches were built: in 1326-1327 the Assumption Cathedral, in 1329 the Church of Ivan the Ladder, in 1330 the Cathedral of the Saviour on the Bor (Forest), and in 1333 the Cathedral of Archangel Michael, where Ivan Kalita and his descendants were buried. Between 1339 and 1340, Ivan Kalita erected a new, bigger oaken fortress on the Borovitsky hill.

In Ivan’s will “the golden cap” was mentioned for the first time; this cap is identified with the well-known Monomakh’s crown, the main crown of Russian sovereigns.

[edit]Marriages and children

Ivan was married twice. His first wife was named Helena. They had at least eight children:

Simeon of Moscow (7 November 1316 - 27 April 1353).

Daniil Ivanovich (c. 1320 - 1328).

Fefinia Ivanovna.

Maria Ivanovna (d. 2 June 1365). Married Konstantin Vasilievich, Prince of Rostov (d. 1365). Their daughter Vasilisa of Rostov married Dmitry of Suzdal. Through her they were grandparents of Eudoxia of Moscow.

Ivan II of Moscow (30 March 1326 - 13 November 1353).

Andrei Ivanovich, Prince of Novgorod (4 August 1327 - 6 June 1353). Death attributed to the Black Death.

Eudoxia Ivanovna. (d. 1342). Married Vasily Mikhailovich, Prince of Yaroslavl (d. 1345).

Fedosia Ivanovna (d. 1365).

His second wife was named Alexandra. They had one known child:

Maria Ivanovna.

Prince of Moscow from 1325 (actually since 1322), the Grand Prince of Vladimir (label from Khan in 1331), Prince of Novgorod c 1328 1337. The second son of Prince Daniel of Moscow Alexandrovich. Nicknamed "Kalita" according to one version received for his wealth and generosity (Kalita - a small waist bag of money).

Ivanas I Pinigmaišis (mirė 1340 m.) – Maskvos kunigaikštis (nuo 1325), Vladimiro didysis kunigaikštis (nuo 1328).

Biografija

Maskvos kunigaikščio Danijilo Aleksandrovičiaus sūnus.

Valdymas

1327 m. dalyvavo Aukso ordos baudžiamajame žygyje preiš Tverę. Už tai gavo Kostromos kunigaikštystę ir teisę kontroliuoti Novgorodą. Po Suzdalės kunigaikščio Aleksandro mirties (1331) iš Aukso ordos gavo teisę valdyti Vladimiro kunigaikštystę. Praturtėjo rinkdamas duoklę iš rusų totorių naudai. Dėl to buvo pramintas Kalita – Pinigmaišiu, nes senojoje rusų kalboje žodis „kalita“ (tiurkų kilmės) reškė maišelį pinigams, piniginę.[1] Už tuos pinigus Ivanas I pirko kaimynines žemes. Metropolito Piotro padedamas Ivanas I centralizavo rusų žemes. Ivanas I pajungė savo įtakai Rostovo kunigaikštystę ir Novgorodą. Maskvos kremlių aptvėrė ąžuoline siena. Ivano I laikais buvo padėti pagrindai Maskvos galybei. Palaidotas Maskvoje, Arkangelo sobore. Šeima Žmonos

   Kunigaikštytė Elena (m. 1331 metų kovo 1 d.)

   Kunigaikštytė Uljana (m. 1360-ų metų vidury)

Vaikai

   Simeonas Išdidusis, (1318–1353)

   Danilas Ivanovičius (g. 1320)

   Ivanas II Gražusis (1326 kovo 30 – 1359 lapkričio 13)

   Andrejus Ivanovičius (1327 liepos 4 – 1353 liepos 6)

   Marija Ivanovna (m.1365),

   Jevdokija Ivanovna (m.1342 m.),

   Feodosija Ivanovana

   Feotinija Ivanovna

Literatūra

   Istorijos žodynas. 2003 m. 178 psl. (Kalita - a small waist bag of money).

Википедия

Про Ивана Даниловича написана книга "Бремя власти" писателя Дмитрия Балашова.