Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.

Khrushchev was born in the Russian village of Kalinovka in 1894, close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1939, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.

In the power struggle triggered by Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev, after several years, emerged victorious. On February 25, 1956, at the Twentieth Party Congress, he delivered the "Secret Speech", denouncing Stalin's purges and ushering in a less repressive era in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). His domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary citizens, were often ineffective, especially in the area of agriculture. Hoping eventually to rely on missiles for national defense, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the tensest years of the Cold War, culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Some of Khrushchev's policies were seen as erratic, particularly by his emerging rivals, who quietly rose in strength and removed him from the office in October 1964. He did not suffer the deadly fate of some previous losers of Soviet power struggles, and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow and a dacha in the countryside. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970. Khrushchev died in 1971 of heart disease. Upon his death, Pravda ran a one-sentence announcement of the former premier's death.

English - Wikipedia

Wikipedia Русский

http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1t%C5%A1ov

http://www.hot.ee/laat/nsvl/tekst/nikita_hrustsov.htm

Nikita Hruštšov (vanhentunut translitteraatio Hruštšev) oli neuvostoliittolainen poliitikko, kenraali ja kommunistisen puolueen pääsihteeri eli Neuvostoliiton tosiasiallinen johtaja 1953–1964. Hän saavutti Neuvostoliiton johtajuuden Josif Stalinin kuoleman jälkeisessä valtakamppailussa puolueen sisällä. Hän oli myös ministerineuvoston puheenjohtaja 1958–1964. Hruštšov oli etnisesti venäläinen, mutta hänellä oli lämmin suhde Ukrainan sosialistiseen neuvostotasavaltaan.

Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв (15 апреля 1894, Калиновка, Курская губерния — 11 сентября 1971, Москва, СССР) — Первый секретарь ЦК КПСС с 1953 по 1964 годы, Председатель Совета Министров СССР с 1958 по 1964 годы. Герой Советского Союза, трижды Герой Социалистического Труда.

Развенчал культ личности Сталина, способствовал определённой либерализации общества и массовой реабилитации политических заключённых. Улучшил отношения СССР с капиталистическими странами и Югославией.

Его политика десталинизации привела к разрыву с режимом Мао Цзэдуна в Китае, несмотря на активную помощь Китайской Народной Республике со стороны СССР, что сказалось на многолетнем сотрудничестве стран. Однако, в то же время, Китайской Народной Республике было оказано существенное содействие в разработке собственного ядерного оружия и осуществлена частичная передача существующих в СССР технологий его производства.

Nikita Sergejevitj Chrusjtjov var en sovjetisk politiker, parti- och regeringschef. Han var generalsekreterare i Sovjetiska kommunistpartiets centralkommittés politbyrå och därmed Sovjetunionens ledare från 7 september 1953 till 14 oktober 1964.